The Research Library
36 peer-reviewed studies, curated by the Research Office and graded by level of evidence. External work, attributed to its authors, summarised for practitioners.
Origin
Discipline
Research type
Level of evidence
Study status
Publication year
Topic
Collection
36 entries
- 2026
Evaluation of Neck Strength and Concussion Risk: A Systematic Review
Postula B., Hicks A., Toldi J.P. · Current Sports Medicine Reports
The honest reading is that neck training is promising but not settled. PROMACHOS includes it as prudent practice and refuses to market it as concussion prevention.
External researchSystematic review / meta-analysis · Systematic review
Injury Prevention
- 2024
Heart Rate Variability Monitoring in Special Emergency Response Team Anaerobic-Based Tasks and Training
Tomes C., Schram B., Canetti E.F.D. et al. · Safety
Physiological strain in protective work is measurable. Measuring it is the first step toward programming conditioning that reflects the job rather than the gym.
External researchField / observational study · Field study
Human Factors
- 2024
Blended police firearms training improves performance in shoot/don't shoot scenarios: a systematic replication with police cadets
Olma J., Sutter C., Sülzenbrück S. · Frontiers in Psychology
This is decision research, not tactics. It supports building judgment scenarios into firearms education rather than measuring competence by group size alone.
External researchControlled intervention study
Firearms
- 2024
Acute stress differentially alters reward-related decision making and inhibitory control under threat of punishment
Laino Chiavegatti G., Floresco S.B. · Neurobiology of Stress
Stress does not simply make people worse. It changes what they attend to. Leadership training should target inhibition and restraint specifically, because those degrade first.
External researchExperimental study
Decision Making
- 2023
Psychological Flexibility Training to Enhance Resilience in Military Personnel
Evans W.R., Meyer E.C., Moore B.A. et al. · Journal of Military Social Work and Behavioral Health Services
Resilience is a set of skills, not a personality trait. Framing it as character is how institutions avoid teaching it.
External researchControlled intervention study
Resilience
- 2023
How to Improve Decision Making and Acting Under Stress: The Effect of Training with and without Stress on Self-Defense Skills in Police Officers
Voigt L., Zinner C. · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology
Judgment degrades under arousal unless it has been practised under arousal. Controlled, supervised stress exposure is a curriculum requirement, not a hazing ritual.
External researchControlled intervention study
Decision Making
- 2022
An Examination of the Contextual Interference Effect and the Errorless Learning Model during Motor Learning
Ramezanzade H., Saemi E., Broadbent D.P. et al. · Journal of Motor Behavior
Error is information. How much error a student should encounter is a design decision, and it should be made deliberately by the instructor rather than left to drill tradition.
External researchExperimental study
Motor Learning
- 2022
Reliability and Sensitivity of Nocturnal Heart Rate and Heart-Rate Variability in Monitoring Individual Responses to Training Load
Nuuttila O., Seipäjärvi S., Kyröläinen H. et al. · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
Monitoring is only useful if the measurement is stable. Before a metric governs training decisions, its noise floor must be known.
External researchMeasurement/reliability study
Recovery
- 2022
The Effects of Graded Protein Intake in Conjunction with Progressive Resistance Training on Skeletal Muscle Outcomes in Older Adults: A Preliminary Trial
Michel J., Lievense K., Norton S. et al. · Nutrients
Protein intake has a ceiling. Beyond an adequate dose, additional intake is not additional adaptation, and training quality becomes the limiting factor again.
External researchRandomized controlled trial · Randomized controlled trial
Nutrition
- 2021
Using virtual reality for professional training practices: exploring the factors of applying stereoscopic 3D technologies in knowledge transfer
Lau K.W., Lee P.Y. · Virtual Reality
Technology fails on implementation more often than on capability. Instructor competence with the tool determines whether it teaches anything.
External researchCross-sectional study · Survey study
Training Technology
- 2021
De-Escalation Training Receptivity and First-Line Police Supervision: Findings from the Louisville Metro Police Study
Engel R.S., Isaza G.T., Motz R.T. et al. · Police Quarterly
Training does not survive contact with an unsupportive supervisor. Instructor and supervisory buy-in is part of curriculum design, not an afterthought.
External researchMixed-methods evaluation
De-escalation
- 2021
Characterizing Head Impact Exposure in Men and Women During Boxing and Mixed Martial Arts
Jansen A.E., McGrath M., Samorezov S. et al. · Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine
Sparring exposure is measurable, which means it is manageable. Head-contact volume should be programmed and recorded with the same seriousness as training load, not left to habit.
External researchField / observational study · Observational study
Combat Sports
- 2021
Field Monitoring the Effects of Overnight Shift Work on Specialist Tactical Police Training with Heart Rate Variability Analysis
Tomes C., Schram B., Orr R. · Sustainability
Occupational load does not end when a shift ends. Any programme training working protective personnel must account for recovery debt they arrive with.
External researchField / observational study · Field study
Human Factors
- 2021
Immersive Virtual Reality and Complex Skill Learning: Transfer Effects After Training in Younger and Older Adults
Dobrowolski P., Skorko M., Pochwatko G. et al. · Frontiers in Virtual Reality
Simulation earns its place only when transfer is demonstrated. PROMACHOS will adopt training technology on evidence of transfer, not on immersion.
External researchExperimental study
Training Technology
- 2021
Tourniquet use for civilian extremity hemorrhage: systematic review of the literature
Benítez C.Y., Ottolino P., Pereira B.M. et al. · Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões
Haemorrhage control is the highest-yield medical skill a civilian can hold. The evidence supports training laypeople, and supports teaching correct application rather than mere pos…
External researchSystematic review / meta-analysis · Systematic review
Tactical Medicine
- 2020
Training Load and Injury Among Middle School–Aged Athletes
Albrecht J., Biese K.M., Bell D.R. et al. · Journal of Athletic Training
Youth development fails through volume and early specialisation more often than through insufficient intensity. This shapes how PROMACHOS approaches young students.
External researchCohort study · Prospective cohort study
Injury Prevention
- 2020
Understanding concussion knowledge and behavior among mixed martial arts, boxing, kickboxing, and Muay Thai athletes and coaches
Follmer B., Varga A.A., Zehr E.P. · The Physician and Sportsmedicine
The gap between knowing and acting is an instruction problem. PROMACHOS treats head-injury protocol as a standard enforced by faculty rather than a decision left to the injured stu…
External researchCross-sectional study · Cross-sectional survey
MMA
- 2020
Sleep and Athletic Performance
Charest J., Grandner M.A. · Sleep Medicine Clinics
Sleep screening belongs in athlete intake, not in the wellness margin. PROMACHOS reads this as support for treating chronic sleep restriction as a risk factor requiring interventio…
External researchNarrative review · Narrative review
Sleep & Recovery
- 2019
The role of deliberate practice in expert performance: revisiting Ericsson, Krampe & Tesch-Römer (1993)
Macnamara B.N., Maitra M. · Royal Society Open Science
Practice is necessary and insufficient. Quality of instruction, task design and individual difference matter, which raises rather than lowers the responsibility of the instructor.
External researchSystematic review / meta-analysis · Meta-analysis / reanalysis
Expert Performance
- 2019
Deliberate Practice and Proposed Limits on the Effects of Practice on the Acquisition of Expert Performance: Why the Original Definition Matters and Recommendations for Future Research
Ericsson K.A., Harwell K.W. · Frontiers in Psychology
The disagreement in this literature is itself instructive. PROMACHOS publishes both sides rather than the side that flatters coaching.
External researchNarrative review · Theoretical review
Expert Performance
- 2019
Evaluation of ‘the R-Model’ crisis intervention de-escalation training for law enforcement
Peterson J., Densley J., Erickson G. · The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles
De-escalation is a teachable technical skill with measurable outcomes. It belongs in protection education alongside physical capability, not opposed to it.
External researchProgram evaluation
De-escalation
- 2018
Force, Stress, and Decision-Making Within the Belgian Police: the Impact of Stressful Situations on Police Decision-Making
Verhage A., Noppe J., Feys Y. et al. · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology
Force decisions are made by a physiologically compromised person. Any protection curriculum that ignores that is teaching an imaginary version of the event.
External researchExperimental study
Decision Making
- 2018
Concussion knowledge, attitudes and reporting intention among adult competitive Muay Thai kickboxing athletes: a cross-sectional study
Lystad R.P., Strotmeyer S.J. · Injury Epidemiology
Knowledge alone does not produce reporting. Culture does. Instructors who reward concealment of head injury are producing the outcome this evidence warns about.
External researchCross-sectional study · Cross-sectional survey
Muay Thai
- 2018
Does Non-Targeted Community CPR Training Increase Bystander CPR Frequency?
Uber A., Sadler R.C., Chassee T. et al. · Prehospital Emergency Care
Training volume is not the same as training effect. Where and to whom preparedness education is delivered matters more than how many certificates are issued.
External researchField / observational study · Observational study
Tactical Medicine
- 2015
Sleep, circadian rhythms, and athletic performance
Thun E., Bjorvatn B., Flo E. et al. · Sleep Medicine Reviews
Performance has a clock. Scheduling demanding technical work against circadian reality, and treating travel as a physiological event, is a coaching decision rather than an administ…
External researchNarrative review · Narrative review
Sleep & Recovery
- 2015
Leaders' sensemaking under crises: Emerging cognitive consensus over time within management teams
Combe I.A., Carrington D.J. · The Leadership Quarterly
Crisis leadership is largely the work of building a shared picture fast enough to act on. That is a communication discipline, and it can be trained.
External researchCohort study · Longitudinal qualitative study
Leadership
- 2015
Analysis of the Relative Age Effect in Elite Youth Judo Athletes
Fukuda D.H. · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
Selection systems quietly reward maturity and call it talent. Any institution that assesses young people must design around this bias or it will reproduce it.
External researchField / observational study · Observational study
Judo
- 2014
Complex Training Reexamined
Carter J., Greenwood M. · Strength & Conditioning Journal
Method effectiveness depends on athlete training age and recovery. Advanced methods applied to unprepared students produce fatigue, not power.
External researchNarrative review · Narrative review
Strength
- 2014
Neck Strength: A Protective Factor Reducing Risk for Concussion in High School Sports
Collins C.L., Fletcher E.N., Fields S.K. et al. · The Journal of Primary Prevention
Neck strength is trainable, measurable and cheap. The association is strong enough to justify including neck work in combat-sport preparation while acknowledging that no strength p…
External researchCohort study · Prospective cohort study
Injury Prevention
- 2014
Injury Prevention Strategies for Mixed Martial Arts
James L.P. · Strength & Conditioning Journal
Injury prevention in combat sport is mostly load management, technical quality and recovery, not exotic intervention. This informs how PROMACHOS structures training volume around c…
External researchNarrative review · Narrative review
MMA
- 2014
Performance in kimono grip strength tests among Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners from different levels
Corrêa da Silva B., Junior M., de Moura Simim M. et al. · Journal of Combat Sports and Martial Arts
Grip is a measurable discriminator in gi grappling. Measurable discriminators are what standards are built from.
External researchCross-sectional study · Cross-sectional study
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu
- 2014
Rapid Weight Loss of Iranian Freestyle and Greco-Roman Elite Cadet Wrestlers
Amirsasan R., Hamed F., Ladan A. · International Journal of Wrestling Science
Rapid weight cutting in adolescents is a safety issue and an institutional failure, not an athlete choice. Weight practices belong under faculty governance.
External researchCross-sectional study · Cross-sectional study
Wrestling
- 2011
Resistance Training for Judo: Functional Strength Training Concepts and Principles
Henry T. · Strength & Conditioning Journal
Strength work for grappling should be selected for the demands of gripping and off-balancing, not borrowed wholesale from general strength programming.
External researchNarrative review · Narrative review
Judo
- 2011
The Effects of Sleep Extension on the Athletic Performance of Collegiate Basketball Players
Mah C.D., Mah K.E., Kezirian E.J. et al. · Sleep
Extending sleep is one of the few interventions that improves reaction time, accuracy and mood simultaneously and costs nothing. PROMACHOS treats sleep as a trainable standard rath…
External researchRandomized controlled trial · Randomized/controlled trial
Sleep & Recovery
- 2010
A constraints-led perspective to understanding skill acquisition and game play: a basis for integration of motor learning theory and physical education praxis?
Renshaw I., Chow J.Y., Davids K. et al. · Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy
Technique is not one shape. Designing the environment so that the correct solution emerges is a more durable instructional method than correcting posture repetition by repetition.
External researchNarrative review · Conceptual review
Coaching
- 2010
Cognitive underpinnings of contextual interference during motor learning
Boutin A., Blandin Y. · Acta Psychologica
Practice that feels worse can teach better. This is one of the most misread findings in coaching, and it justifies varied, interleaved practice over comfortable block repetition.
External researchExperimental study
Motor Learning